Liberty

The idea of liberty had to be discovered and understood.

Liberty

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The idea of individual liberty has become so familiar to us that it’s easy to take it for granted. Yet, the idea of liberty had to be discovered and understood. A regime of liberty requires a philosophical explanation and account.

Why, after all, should people live freely? Why shouldn’t they be ruled and controlled without their consent? Why is liberty right, and the alternative wrong? Answering these questions requires an exercise in philosophic reasoning that leads to the idea of liberty.

Each human being possesses a natural right to individual liberty because each human being possesses a free mind capable of reasoning, choosing, and governing the human body that houses a human mind.

Political liberty—the freedom to live as one pleases, to make one’s own choices about how to spend one’s own money and use one’s own property and labor, to unite with fellow citizens and decide how we shall govern ourselves—is the political acknowledgement of the freedom of each human mind.

There are many ways of describing the idea of a free human being governing himself as a form of personal self-government—and a nation of free men and women governing themselves, together, as a form of political self-government. In the Declaration of Independence, that idea was described as: “all men…are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights,” among which are “life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.”

In the most famous list of the three most important unalienable, natural rights, liberty rightfully occupies the central position.

    • Thomas Jefferson, First Inaugural Address (1801)

    Thomas Jefferson, First Inaugural Address (1801)

    • George Washington, Letter to the Hebrew Congregation at Newport

    George Washington, Letter to the Hebrew Congregation at Newport

    • George Washington, First Inaugural Address

    George Washington, First Inaugural Address

    • George Washington, Rules of Civility

    George Washington, Rules of Civility

    • James Madison, Letter to Thomas Jefferson (February 8, 1825)

    James Madison, Letter to Thomas Jefferson (February 8, 1825)

    • Thomas Jefferson, Letter to James Madison (February 1, 1825)

    Thomas Jefferson, Letter to James Madison (February 1, 1825)

    • James Madison, “Property”

    James Madison, “Property”

    • Northwest Ordinance

    Northwest Ordinance

    • United States Constitution

    United States Constitution

    • Thomas Jefferson, Letter to Henri Gregoire (1809)

    Thomas Jefferson, Letter to Henri Gregoire (1809)

    • Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia (Query 18)

    Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia (Query 18)

    • Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia (Query 14)

    Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia (Query 14)

    • James Madison, Speech at Constitutional Convention (August 25, 1787)

    James Madison, Speech at Constitutional Convention (August 25, 1787)

    • James Madison, Speech at Constitutional Convention (June 6, 1787)

    James Madison, Speech at Constitutional Convention (June 6, 1787)

    • Alexander Hamilton, Philo Camillus no. 2 (1795)

    Alexander Hamilton, Philo Camillus no. 2 (1795)

    • John Adams, Letter to Evans (June 8, 1819)

    John Adams, Letter to Evans (June 8, 1819)

    • George Washington, Letter to Morris (April 12, 1786)

    George Washington, Letter to Morris (April 12, 1786)

    • Thomas Jefferson, Rough Draft of the Declaration of Independence (1776)

    Thomas Jefferson, Rough Draft of the Declaration of Independence (1776)

    • James Henley Thornwell, ”Southern Christian View of Slavery” (1861)

    James Henley Thornwell, ”Southern Christian View of Slavery” (1861)

    • Alexander Stephens, Cornerstone Speech (1861)

    Alexander Stephens, Cornerstone Speech (1861)

    • John C. Calhoun, “Disquisition on Government” (1851)

    John C. Calhoun, “Disquisition on Government” (1851)

    • John C. Calhoun, Speech on the Oregon Bill (1848)

    John C. Calhoun, Speech on the Oregon Bill (1848)

    • John C. Calhoun, Speech on Reception of Abolition Petitions (1837)

    John C. Calhoun, Speech on Reception of Abolition Petitions (1837)

    • The Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858)

    The Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858)

    • Abraham Lincoln, “Electric Cord” Speech in Chicago

    Abraham Lincoln, “Electric Cord” Speech in Chicago

    • Abraham Lincoln, House Divided Speech

    Abraham Lincoln, House Divided Speech

    • Abraham Lincoln, Letter to Henry L. Pierce & Others (1859)

    Abraham Lincoln, Letter to Henry L. Pierce & Others (1859)

    • Abraham Lincoln, Speech on Dred Scott

    Abraham Lincoln, Speech on Dred Scott

    • 1856 Presidential Election results

    1856 Presidential Election results

    • Defense speech in the Gruber case

    Defense speech in the Gruber case

    • Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. 393 (1857)

    Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. 393 (1857)

    • Abraham Lincoln, Fragments on Slavery

    Abraham Lincoln, Fragments on Slavery

    • Abraham Lincoln, Speech on the Kansas-Nebraska Act (Speech at Peoria)

    Abraham Lincoln, Speech on the Kansas-Nebraska Act (Speech at Peoria)

    • 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act

    1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act

    • Abraham Lincoln, Temperance Address

    Abraham Lincoln, Temperance Address

    • Abraham Lincoln, Lyceum Address

    Abraham Lincoln, Lyceum Address

    • Abraham Lincoln, Protest on the Slavery Question

    Abraham Lincoln, Protest on the Slavery Question

    • Abraham Lincoln, 1836 Announcement of Political Views

    Abraham Lincoln, 1836 Announcement of Political Views

    • Frederick Douglass, “What to the Slave is the 4th of July?”

    Frederick Douglass, “What to the Slave is the 4th of July?”

    • William Lloyd Garrison, “To the Public”

    William Lloyd Garrison, “To the Public”

    • John C. Calhoun, “Exposition & Protest”

    John C. Calhoun, “Exposition & Protest”

    • President Andrew Jackson’s 1832 Proclamation Re: South Carolina

    President Andrew Jackson’s 1832 Proclamation Re: South Carolina

    • South Carolina, Ordinance of Nullification (1832)

    South Carolina, Ordinance of Nullification (1832)

    • Thomas Jefferson, Letter to John Holmes (1820)

    Thomas Jefferson, Letter to John Holmes (1820)

    • Congressional Globe, Speech Re: the Tallmadge Amendment (1819)

    Congressional Globe, Speech Re: the Tallmadge Amendment (1819)

    • Missouri Compromise (1820)

    Missouri Compromise (1820)

    • Thomas Jefferson, A Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom

    Thomas Jefferson, A Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom

    • James Madison, “A Memorial & Remonstrance Against Religious Assessments”

    James Madison, “A Memorial & Remonstrance Against Religious Assessments”

    • Articles of Confederation

    Articles of Confederation

    • Declaration of Independence

    Declaration of Independence

    • Henry Lee’s Resolution for Independence

    Henry Lee’s Resolution for Independence

    • Samuel West, “On the Right to Rebel Against Governors”

    Samuel West, “On the Right to Rebel Against Governors”

    • Thomas Paine, Common Sense

    Thomas Paine, Common Sense

    • Patrick Henry, Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death Speech

    Patrick Henry, Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death Speech

    • Thomas Jefferson, “A Summary View of the Rights of British America”

    Thomas Jefferson, “A Summary View of the Rights of British America”

    • The Federalist Papers

    The Federalist Papers

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