Life

Your life is the first and most important property you own.

Life

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When Thomas Jefferson wrote in the Declaration of Independence that all human beings “are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness,” he was drawing from a deep tradition of natural rights philosophy, particularly from John Locke and the English Whig tradition.

For Locke, human beings are by nature free and equal. Each person is born with natural rights—not granted by government or society, but inherent in their very existence. Chief among these rights is life. But Locke, and the tradition Jefferson inherited, did not treat “life” as something abstract or separate from the idea of property.

In fact, Locke’s Second Treatise of Government (Chapter V) argues that one’s life is one’s primary property: “every man has a property in his own person; this nobody has any right to but himself.” Your life is your property; your property includes your life. Arguably, your life is the first and most important property you own.

To say that a person’s life is his property is to affirm that no one else—not another individual, not a king, not the government—has a legitimate claim of ownership over his life. Your body, your labor, your thoughts, your time—everything that constitutes you—is fundamentally yours. Without the right to life as property, there can be no meaningful right to liberty or to pursue happiness, because everything else depends on secure ownership of oneself and one’s own life.

Jefferson’s inclusion of life as the first enumerated unalienable natural right highlights its foundational role. If the natural right to one’s own life is unalienable, that right cannot be rightfully taken or surrendered. Governments are instituted, in Jefferson’s words, to secure these rights—not to grant them, not to violate them—and the legitimacy of any government depends on protecting individuals from arbitrary deprivation of life.

This principle radically rejected the older view that rulers could dispose of subjects at will. It declared instead that human beings exist prior to and independent of government, and that each person’s life is his inviolable property.

Seen in this light, the right to life in the Declaration is not merely the right to breathe; it is the recognition that every person owns himself. Self-ownership of one’s own life is the moral foundation for all other rights and the bedrock of a free and just society.

    • United States Constitution

    United States Constitution

    • Thomas Jefferson, Rough Draft of the Declaration of Independence (1776)

    Thomas Jefferson, Rough Draft of the Declaration of Independence (1776)

    • William Lloyd Garrison, “To the Public”

    William Lloyd Garrison, “To the Public”

    • Declaration of Independence

    Declaration of Independence

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